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Remains of a Byzantine column found at 's, located today within the complex. Artifacts, uncovered by archeologists at the beginning of the 21st century, indicate that Istanbul's historic peninsula was settled as far back as the 6th millennium BCE. That early settlement, important in the spread of the from the Near East to Europe, lasted for almost a millennium before being inundated by rising water levels. The first human settlement on the Asian side, the Fikirtepe mound, is from the period, with artifacts dating from 5500 to 3500 BCE, On the European side, near the point of the peninsula (), there was a Thracian settlement during the early 1st millennium BCE.

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Modern authors have linked it to the Thracian toponym Lygos, mentioned by as an earlier name for the site of Byzantium. The history of the city proper begins around 660 BCE, when Greek settlers from established on the European side of the Bosphorus. The settlers built an adjacent to the Golden Horn on the site of the early Thracian settlements, fueling the nascent city's economy.

The city experienced a brief period of rule at the turn of the 5th century BCE, but the Greeks recaptured it during the. Byzantium then continued as part of the and its successor, the, before gaining independence in 355 BCE. Long allied with the Romans, Byzantium officially became a part of the in 73 CE. Byzantium's decision to side with the against Emperor cost it dearly; by the time it surrendered at the end of 195 CE, two years of siege had left the city devastated. Five years later, Severus began to rebuild Byzantium, and the city regained—and, by some accounts, surpassed—its previous prosperity. Rise and fall of Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire [ ].

In the 19th century The Ottomans quickly transformed the city from a bastion of Christianity to a symbol of. Were established to fund the construction of ornate, often adjoined by schools, hospitals, and public baths. Intelligent Investor Ebook Mobile. The claimed the status of in 1517, with Istanbul remaining the capital of this for four centuries. 's reign from 1520 to 1566 was a period of especially great artistic and architectural achievement; chief architect designed several iconic buildings in the city, while Ottoman arts of,,, and flourished. The population of Istanbul was 570,000 by the end of the 18th century. A period of rebellion at the start of the 19th century led to the rise of the progressive Sultan and eventually to the period, which produced political reforms and allowed new technology to be introduced to the city. Bridges across the were constructed during this period, and Istanbul was connected to the rest of the European railway network in the 1880s.

Modern facilities, such as a water supply network, electricity, telephones, and trams, were gradually introduced to Istanbul over the following decades, although later than to other European cities. The modernization efforts were not enough to forestall the.

In the early 20th century, the deposed Sultan and a series of wars plagued the ailing empire's capital. The last of these,, resulted in the British, French, and Italian. The population of the city was also affected by the, in which leaders of the Armenian community were arrested and mostly killed as part of the. Uad Cambridge Rapidshare Search. To commemorate the victims of the Armenian Genocide, 24 April has now become the day of remembrance.